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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS  LIBRARY  AT  URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 


university  of 
ILLINOIS  LIBRARY 
at  urbana-champaign 
NAT.  HIST.  SURV. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive, 

in  2016  ■ ^ 


https://archive.org/details/vegetationofchic00full_0 


Natural  History  Suivay 

Library  CEO.  D.  FULLER 

U rri  voTsttr  of  Ch  icag;o 

The 


Vegetation  of  the  Chicago 

Region 


An  outline  of  some  of  the  principal  plant 
associations  together  with  lists  of 
their  principal  species 


COMPILED  BY 

GEO.  D.  FULLER 


Department  of  Botany^  The  University  of  Chicago 


CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 
1917 


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THE  VEGETATION  OF  THE  CHICAGO  REGION 

In  this  outline  no  attempt  is  made  to  treat  exhaustively  either  the 
plant  associations  or  the  list  of  species  composing  them.  Only  the 
clearly  defined  associations  easily  accessible  from  the  city  of  Chicago  are 
included,  more  particular  attention  being  given  to  those  peculiar  to 
this  region.  The  names  of  weeds  or  ruderal  plants  are  not  included  in 
the  lists.  For  more  detailed  studies  of  these  plant  associations  see 
Cowles,  The  plant  societies  of  Chicago  and  vicinity.  Geographic 
Soc.  of  Chicago,  Bull.  2.  1901,  and  for  the  plants  of  the  vernal  flora  see 
Cowles  and  Coulter,  A flora  for  high  schools,  pp.  144.  ill.  New  York: 
Amer.  Book  Co.,  1915. 

I.  THE  SAND  DUNE  AND  UPLAND  ASSOCIATIONS 

The  following  paragraphs  outline  the  well-marked  succession  of 
plant  associations  upon  the  sand  dunes  of  the  Lake  Michigan  shores 
near  Chicago  and  include  several  of  the  more  typical  associations  of  the 
forested  morainic  uplands.  Following  the  outline  is  a list  of  many  of 
the  characteristic  plants  of  these  associations,  the  name  of  each  species 
being  preceded  by  a number  or  by  numbers  corresponding  to  those  of 
the  association  or  associations  in  which  it  chiefly  occurs.  For  details 
regarding  the  vegetation  of  the  sand  dunes  see  Cowles,  Bot.  Gaz. 
27:955.  1899.  For  evaporation  and  soil  moisture  conditions  see 
Fuller,  Bot.  Gaz.  58:193-234.  1914. 

1.  The  beach  association. — The  vegetation  of  the  beach  is  scanty, 
consisting  principally  of  xerophytic  annuals  together  with  a few  peren- 
nial herbs  and  shrubs. 

2.  The  fore-dune  associations. — This  region  of  embryonic  dunes 
is  characterized  by  the  sand  reed  grasses  and  such  shrubs  as  the  willow 
and  the  sand  cherry  together  with  the  herbaceous  plants  of  the  beach. 
Well-developed  fore-dunes  may  be  seen  at  Lake  Bluff,  111.,  Miller  and 
Dune  Park,  Ind.,  and  Sawyer,  Mich. 

3.  The  cottonwood  association. — This  is  notably  the  area  of  actively 
moving  dunes  with  sparse  vegetation.  The  rate  of  evaporation  is  very 
high,  but  the  water  content  of  the  soil  remains  very  constant  at  a short 


3 


distance  below  the  surface.  The  herbaceous  and  shrub  vegetation  of 
the  previous  associations  persists  with  few  additions.  The  dominant 
and  almost  the  only  tree  species  {Populus  deltoides)  gives  its  name  to 
the  association,  but  is  occasionally  replaced  by  the  closely  allied  Populus 
balsamifera.  The  germination  and  development  of  these  trees  are 
dependent  upon  such  moist  areas  as  pannes  and  the  margins  of  ponds. 
(See  Fuller,  Trans.  111.  Acad.  Sci.  5:137-143.  1912.) 

The  cottonwood  owes  its  successful  establishment  and  permanence 
upon  the  moving  dunes  to  its  great  powers  of  vegetative  activity  which 
is  seen  in  the  production  of  adventitious  roots  from  the  buried  trunk 
and  branches  and  also  in  the  development  of  adventitious  shoots  from 
its  uncovered  roots. 

4.  The  pine  dune  association. — Soon  after  the  fixation  of  the  dunes 
there  develops  an  association  succeeding  the  cottonwood  and  charac- 
terized by  evergreens.  Among  the  dominant  plants  are  species  of  pine, 
juniper,  and  arbor  vitae,  together  with  an  undergrowth  in  which  the 
heath  family  is  well  represented  in  species  of  Arctostaphylos,  Pyrola, 
GauUheria,  etc.  The  herbaceous  and  shrub  vegetation  becomes  much 
more  abundant  and  is  composed  of  species  quite  different  from  those  in 
the  former  association.  Humus  formation  proceeds,  but  the  water  con- 
tent of  the  soil  is  less  than  in  the  previous  association  on  account  of  the 
greater  demands  made  upon  it  by  the  increasing  amount  of  vegetation. 
The  evaporating  power  of  the  air  is,  however,  much  less,  and  hence  per- 
mits the  development  of  seedlings  of  oak  and  other  trees  which  dominate 
the  succeeding  association.  The  pine  association  is  short-lived,  but  the 
undergrowth  finally  shows  very  decidedly  mesophytic  forms,  especially 
upon  the  north  face  of  slopes.  This  association  was  formerly  well 
developed  over  much  of  the  area  between  Buffington  and  Gary,  Ind., 
where  a few  remnants  are  still  to  be  seen.  It  occurs  between  Miller  and 
Dune  Park,  Ind.,  and  in  a modified  form  at  Lake  Bluff,  111.,  and  Sawyer, 
Mich. 

5.  The  black  oak  dune  association. — This  forest  association  consists 
of  a somewhat  open  and  often  almost  pure  stand  of  Quercus  velutina  with 
an  undergrowth  of  rather  xerophytic  herbs  and  shrubs.  The  evergreen 
forms  of  the  previous  association  disappear  and  are  replaced  by  such 
shrubs  as  species  of  Vaccinium,  Rhus,  Prunus,  Sassafras,  Viburnum, 
etc.,  while  noticeable  among  the  herbs  are  species  of  Solidago,  Asclepias, 
Opuntia,  Smilacina,  etc.  Soil  moisture  and  evaporation  conditions 
differ  but  little  from  those  of  the  previous  association,  and  the  increase 
of  humus  in  the  soil  is  very  slow.  The  association  apparently  persists 
for  a much  longer  time  than  any  of  its  predecessors,  and  is  seen  exten- 


4 


sively  developed  near  Miller,  Ind.,  but  is  common  throughout  the  entire 
dune  region  of  Indiana  and  southern  Michigan. 

6.  The  mesophytic  oak  forest  association. — Upon  the  sand  dunes 
this  gradually  develops  from  the  preceding  by  the  coming  in  of  other 
and  more  mesophytic  tree  species,  notably  such  oaks  as  Q.  alba  and 
Q.  rubra.  It  usually  begins  in  sheltered  depressions  where  the  under- 
growth is  often  very  completely  mesophytic  before  a marked  change  has 
taken  place  in  the  tree  vegetation. 

Upon  morainic  uplands  this  association  differs  but  little  from  that 
found  upon  the  dunes  except  for  the  presence  of  the  hickories  and  the 
frequent  occurrence  of  the  bur  oak,  Q.  macrocarpa.  Depressions  in  clay 
upland  within  this  forest  are  often  characterized  by  the  presence  of  the 
swamp  white  oak,  Q.  bicolor,  or  by  the  pin  oak,  Q.  palustris.  Corylus 
americana  and  Cornus  paniculata  are  often  the  most  abundant  shrubs 
of  the  oak  uplands. 

Oak  forests  of  this  type  are  to  be  seen  upon  the  sand  dunes  at  Bridg- 
man and  Sawyer,  Mich.,  and  in  less  perfect  development  at  Dune  Park 
and  Furnessville,  Ind.  The  uplands  at  Smith,  Ind.,  at  Glencoe,  Lake 
Bluff,  Palos  Park,  New  Lenox,  and  Starved  Rock  Park,  111.,  show  develop- 
ments of  oak-hickory  forest  of  the  same  general  type  but  with  certain 
minor  differences  of  detail. 

7.  The  climax  mesophytic  forest. — This  occurs,  not  only  upon  the 
sand  dunes  and  the  morainic  uplands,  but  also  upon  all  soils  throughout 
the  northeastern  United  States  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Canada.  It 
is  dominated  in  this  region  by  the  beech  and  sugar  maple,  which  often 
form  more  than  80  per  cent  of  the  tree  growth.  The  hemlock  is  absent 
from  the  uplands  of  the  Chicago  region,  but  is  seen  upon  the  adjacent 
sand  dunes  of  Michigan  and  in  many  other  localities  to  the  east  and 
north.  Perhaps  the  most  conspicuous  difference  between  this  associa- 
tion as  it  occurs  upon  a clay  upland  and  the  corresponding  forest  upon 
adjacent  sand  dunes  is  the  greater  richness  of  the  fern  flora  in  the  former 
locality. 

The  evaporating  power  of  the  air  in  the  lower  strata  of  the  forest 
is  very  low  when  compared  with  that  of  other  associations,  and  at  the 
same  time  the  soil  moisture  remains  constantly  well  above  the  wilting 
coefficient. 

This  forest  is  to  be  seen  upon  the  sand  dunes  at  Sawyer,  Mich.,  and 
upon  the  uplands  at  Three  Oaks,  Mich.,  Smith  and  Otis,  Ind. 

8.  Sandy  swamp  associations. — From  the  nature  of  the  recent 
geologic  history  of  the  region  a series  of  old  lagoons  has  been  included 
in  the  dune  area,  and  these  now  exist  either  as  small  shallow  lakes  or 


5 


ponds  or  as  sandy  swamps  in  various  stages  of  development.  No 
attempt  will  be  made  to  analyze  the  various  stages  in  the  plant  succes- 
sion from  the  open  water  to  the  forest,  but  some  of  the  most  character- 
istic plants  of  the  later  stages  are  included  in  the  list.  The  plants  of 
the  open  water  and  earlier  swamp  stages  may  be  found  listed  under 
aquatic  associations.  The  earliest  shrubs  are  commonly  the  willows 
and  they  appear  to  be  succeeded  by  a forest  in  which  the  poplars,  pines, 
red  maple,  and  sour  gum  are  important  members.  Such  transitional 
associations  from  the  swamp  to  the  dune  find  their  best  expression  at 
Miller  and  Dune  Park,  Ind. 


Dune  and  Upland  Plants* — Trees  and  Shrubs 


(7) 
(4) 

(4*) 

(7*) 

(4) 

(4*) 

(4) 

(4) 
(3,  4) 

(2,  3,  4) 
(2,  3,  4) 
(3,  4,  5) 

(8) 
(8) 
(3) 

(3*) 

(5) 
(8,  7) 

(6) 
(6) 

(6*) 

(6) 

(6) 

(7*) 

(6*) 

(6*) 

(6) 

(5,  6) 
(6*,  7) 
(5*,  6) 
(6,  7) 
(6,  7,  8) 


Taxus  canadensis  Marsh,,  American  yew. 

Pinus  Strohus  L.,  white  pine. 

“ Banksiana  Lamb.,  Jack  pine. 

Tsuga  canadensis  Carr.,  hemlock. 

Thuja  occidentalis  L,,  Arbor  vitae. 

Juniper  us  communis  L.,  common  juniper. 

“ virginiana  L.,  red  cedar, 

“ horizontalis  Moench.,  prostrate  juniper. 

Salix  longifolia  Muhl.,  long-leaved  willow. 

“ syrticola  Fernald,  glandular  willow. 

“ glaucophylla  Bebb,  glaucous  willow. 

“ humilis  Marsh.,  prairie  willow, 

Populus  tremuloides  Michx.,  American  aspen. 

“ grandidentata  Michx.,  large-toothed  aspen. 

" balsamifera  L.,  balsam  poplar. 

“ deltoides  Marsh.,  cottonwood. 

Myrica  asplenifolia  L.,  sweet  fern. 

Juglans  cinerea  L.,  butternut. 

Cary  a ovata  (Mill)  K.  Koch.,  shag-bark  hickory  {ti). 

“ cordiformis  (Wang.)  K.  Koch.,  bitter-nut  hickory  («)• 

Corylus  americana  Walt.,  hazelnut  («)• 

Ostrya  virginiana  K.  Koch.,  hop-hornbeam  {u). 

Car  pinus  caroliniana  Walt.,  water-beech  or  blue  beech  («). 

Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrh.,  beech. 

Quercus  alba  L.,  white  oak. 

“ macrocar  pa  Michx.,  bur  oak  («)• 

“ imbricaria  Michx.,  shingle  oak  (w). 

“ Muhlenbergii  Engelm.,  chestnut  oak. 

“ rubra  L.,  red  oak. 

“ velutina  Lam.,  black  oak. 

Ulmus  ftilva  Michx.,  slippery  elm. 

“ americana  L.,  American  elm. 


* The  numerals  preceding  the  names  indicate  the  association  or  associations,  outlined  in  the  fore- 
going paragraphs,  in  which  the  plant  is  usually  found.  Dominant  or  very  abundant  species  are 
indicated  by  an  asterisk  (*),  while  species  commonly  found  upon  the  uplands  only  are  indicated  by  (j<) 
following  the  common  name. 


6 


(5) 
(7) 
(7) 

(5*,  6) 

(7) 

(6) 
(6,  7) 
(4,  5) 
(4,  S) 
(4,  5) 

(5) 

(8) 
(5) 
(5) 
(7) 

(2*,  3) 
(5) 
(4,  S) 
(4,  5) 
(5,6) 
(3,  4,  5,  6) 
(4,  5) 

(7) 
(3,  4,  5) 

(7*) 

(8) 

(5) 
(4,  5) 
(4,  5) 
(4,  5) 
(4,  5) 

(4,  5,  6,  7) 
(6,  7) 
(4,  6,  7) 
(6,  7) 
(4,  8) 
(7) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 
(4*) 

(5) 

(5) 

(5) 
(5*) 

(6) 
(5) 
(7) 
(7) 


CcUis  occidcntalis  pjmila  Muhl.,  dwarf  hackberry. 
Liriodcndron  Tull pif era  L.,  tulip  tree. 

Asimina  triloba  Dunal.,  American  papaw. 

Sassafras  varii folium  (Salisb.)  Ktze.,  sassafras. 

Benzoin  acstivale  (L.)  Nees.,  spice-bush. 

Ribes  Cynosbati  L.,  prickly  gooseberry  (w). 

Hamamelis  virginiana  L.,  witch-hazel. 

Rosa  acicularis  Lindl.,  wild  rose. 

“ blanda  Ait.,  wild  rose. 

“ humilis  Marsh.,  wild  rose. 

Amelanchier  canadensis  Medic.,  service-berry  or  shad-bush. 
Pyriis  arbutifolia  L.,  chokeberry. 

Primus  pennsylvanica  L.,  pin  cherry. 

“ virginiana  L.,  chokecherry. 

“ serotina  Ehrh.,  wild  black  cherry  {u). 

“ pumila  L.,  sand  cherry. 

Ptelea  trifoliata  L.,  hop-tree. 

Rhus  typhina  L.,  staghorn  sumach. 

“ copallina  L.,  dwarf  sumach. 

“ glabra  L.,  smooth  sumach. 

“ Toxicodendron  L.,  poison-ivy. 

“ canadensis  Marsh.,  aromatic  sumach. 

Evonymus  obovatus  Nutt.,  strawberry  bush. 

Celastrus  scandens  L.,  climbing  bittersweet. 

Acer  saccharum  Marsh.,  sugar  maple. 

" rubriim  L.,  red  maple. 

Ceanothus  americanus  L.,  New  Jersey  tea. 

Vitis  vulpina  L.,  wild  grape. 

“ cordifolia  Michx.,  wild  grape. 

“ aestivalis  Michx.,  summer  grape. 

" bicolor  Le  Conte,  summer  grape. 

Psedera  quinquefolia  (L.),  Greene,  Virginia  creeper. 

Dirca  palustris  L.,  leather  wood. 

Tilia  americana  L.,  basswood  or  American  linden. 

Cornus  jiorida  L.,  flowering  dogwood. 

“ stolonifera  Michx.,  red-osier  dogwood. 

“ circinata  L’Her.,  round-leaved  dogwood. 

“ paniculata  L’Her.,  panicled  dogwood. 

“ alternifolia  L.,  alternate-leaved  dogwood  {u). 

Nyssa  sylvatica  Marsh.,  sour  gum. 

Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi  (L.)  Spreng.,  bearberry. 
Gaylussacia  baccata  C.  Koch.,  huckleberry. 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  Lamb.,  blueberry. 

“ vacillans  Kalm.,  late  blueberry. 

Diervilla  Lonicera  Mill.,  bush  honeysuckle. 

Lonicera  canadensis  Marsh.,  American  fly  hoiieysuckle  (w)- 
Viburnum  acerifolium  L.,  maple-leaved  haw. 

Sambucus  racemosa  L.,  red-berried  elder. 

“ canadensis  L.,  common  elder. 


7 


(5) 
(7) 
(7) 
(7) 
(7) 
(7) 
(7) 
(7) 

(7) 

(8) 

(6) 
(6,  7) 

(3) 
(3) 
(8) 
(4*) 
(S) 
(5) 
(5,6) 
(2*,  3) 
(2*,  3) 
(2,  3,  4) 
(5) 
(5) 
(5) 
(5) 
(5) 
(7) 
(5) 
(5) 
(5) 
(6,  7) 
(7) 
(7) 
(5) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(5) 

(8) 
(8) 
(8) 
(7) 
(7) 
(7) 

(6) 
(4,  5) 
(4,  S) 


Dune  and  Upland  Plants — Herbaceous 

P ter  is  aquilina  L.,  common  brake. 

Adiantum  pedatum  L.,  maidenhair  fern. 

Asplenium  acrostichoides  Sw.,  golden  spleenwort  (w). 

“ angustifolium  Michx.,  narrow-leaved  spleenwort  (w). 
Polyslichum  acrostichoides  Schott.,  Christmas  fern. 

Aspidium  marginale  Sw.,  marginal  shield  fern. 

“ spinulosum  Sw.,  spinulose  shield  fern. 

“ noveboracense  (L)  Sw.,  New  York  fern  (m). 

“ Goldianum  Hook.,  Goldie’s  fern  (m). 

“ Thelypteris  Sw.,  swamp  shield  fern. 

Osmunda  Claytoniana  L.,  interrupted  fern  {ii). 

Botrychium  virginianiim  Sw.,  rattlesnake  fern. 

Equisetum  arvense  L.,  common  horsetail. 

“ hyemale  L.,  scouring-rush. 

“ variegatum  Schleich.,  variegated  horsetail. 

Andropogon  scoparius  Michx.,  blue  stem  grass. 

Panicum  virgatum  L.,  switch  grass. 

“ dichotomum  L.,  panic  grass. 

" spp.,  panic  grass. 

Calamovilfa  longifolia  Hack.,  sand  reed-grass. 

Ammophila  arenaria  Link.,  Marram  grass. 

Elymus  canadensis  L.,  rye-grass. 

Koeleria  cristata  Pers. 

Sphenopholis  ohtusata  Scribn. 

Stipa  spartea  Trin.,  porcupine  grass. 

Aristida  tuberculosa  Nutt.,  triple-awned  grass. 

Festuca  octo flora  Walt. 

Hystrix  patula  Moench.,  bottle-brush  grass  (m). 

Carex  Muhlenbergii  Schkuhr.,  Muhlenberg’s  sedge. 

“ pennsylvanica  Lam.,  Pennsylvania  “ 

“ umbellata  Schkuhr.,  sedge. 

“ eburnea  Boott.,  sedge. 

“ laxiflora  Lam.,  sedge. 

“ plantaginea  Lam.,  broad-leaved  sedge  {u). 

Cy perils  Schweinitzii  Torr. 

“ flliculmis  Vahl. 

Luzula  campestris  (L)  DC.,  wood  rush. 

Arisaema  triphyllum  Schott.,  Indian  turnip. 

Tradescantia  virginiana  L.,  spiderwort. 

J uncus  halticus  littoralis  Willd.,  sand- rush. 

Tofleldia  glutinosa  Pers.,  false  asphodel. 

Lilium  philadelphicum  L.,  wild  orange  lily. 

Allium  tricoccum  Ait.,  wild  leek  (w). 

Erythronium  americanum  Ker.,  yellow  adder’s  tongue  («)• 

“ albidum  Nutt.,  white  adder’s  tongue  or  dog’s-tooth  violet  {u). 
Maianthemum  canadense  Desf.,  wild  lily-of-the-valley. 

Smilacina  stellata  (L.)  Desf.,  false  Solomon’s  seal. 

“ racemosa  (L.)  Desf.,  false  Solomon’s  seal. 

8 


(7) 
(5,6) 

(6) 

(6) 

(6) 

(6) 

(7*) 

(8) 
(7) 

(7) 

(8) 
(6,  7) 

(6) 
(7) 
(7) 
(7) 
(5) 
(5) 
(2,  3) 
(2,  3) 
(3,  5) 
(7) 
(5) 

(5) 

(6) 
(7) 
(6) 
(6) 
(7) 
(7) 
(7) 
(7) 
(5) 

(5) 

(6) 
(6) 

(5) 
(7) 
(7) 

(6,  7) 
(7) 
(7) 
(7) 
(7) 
(7) 

(l*,  2,  3) 
(5*) 

(6) 
(7) 


Uviilaria  grandiflora  Sm.,  bellwort. 

Polygonatimi  commulalum  Dietr.,  Solomon’s  seal. 

‘‘  bijlorum  (Walt.)  Ell.,  Solomon’s  seal. 
Trillium  reciirvatum  Beck.,  wake  robin  {u). 

“ sessile  L.,  wake  robin  (u). 

“ declinatum  (Gray)  Gleason,  white  trillium  («). 

“ grandijlorum  Salisb.,  great  white  trillium. 
Aletris  farinosa  L.,  colic  root. 

Smilax  herbacea  L.,  carrion  flower. 

“ hispida  Muhl,,  cat-brier. 

Hypoxis  hirsula  Coville,  star-grass. 

Cypripediiim  parviflorim,  yellow  lady’s  slipper. 

Orchis  spectabilis  L.,  showy  orchis  {ti). 

Pika  pumila  (L.)  Gray,  clearweed  (w). 

Parietaria  pennsylvanica  Muhl.,  pellitory. 

Laportea  canadensis  Gaud.,  wood  nettle. 

Comandra  timbellala  Nutt.,  bastard  toadflax. 

Polygonella  articulata  Meisn. 

Cycloloma  alriplicifolium  Coult.,  winged  pigweed. 
Corispermiim  hyssopifolium  L.,  bugseed. 

Salsola  Kali  tenuifolia  L.,  Russian  thistle. 

Phytolacca  decandra  L.,  poke  weed. 

Rtimex  Acetosella  L.,  field  sorrel. 

Arenaria  stricta  Michx.,  sandwort. 

“ lateriflora  L.,  lateral-flowered  sandwort. 
Asarum  canadense  L.,  wild  ginger  {u). 

Silene  stellata  (L.)  Ait.,  starry  campion  (w)- 
Claytonia  virginica  L.,  spring  beauty  {u). 

Thalictrum  dioicum  L.,  early  meadow  rue  {ii). 
Anemonella  thalictroides  (L.)  Spach.,  rue  anemone  {u). 
Hepatica  acutiloba  DC.,  hepatica. 

“ triloba  Chaix.,  hepatica. 

Anemone  cylindrica  Gray,  anemone. 

“ canadensis  L.,  anemone. 

“ quinquefolia  L.,  wood  anemone  (w). 

“ virginiana  L.,  anemone. 

Aquilegia  canadensis  L.,  columbine. 

Actaea  alba  Mill.,  white  baneberry. 

Isopyrum  biternatum  (Raf.)  T.  & G.,  false  rue  anemone. 
Podophyllum  peltatuni  ^.,  May  apple. 

Caulophyllum  thalictroides  Michx.,  blue  cohosh. 
Sanguinaria  canadensis  L.,  bloodroot. 

Stylophorum  diphyllum  Nutt.,  celandine  poppy. 

Dicentra  Cucullaria  Bernh.,  Dutchman’s  breeches. 

“ canadc7isis  Walp.,  squirrel’s  corn. 

Cakile  edentula  Hook.,  sea  rocket. 

Arabis  lyrata,  rock  cress. 

Dentaria  laciniata  Muhl.,  toothwort  {u). 

Mitella  diphylla  L.,  miterwort. 


9 


(6) 

(6) 

(6) 

(1.2) 
(8) 
(6) 
(8) 
(8) 
(6) 
(6) 

(5,6) 

(5*) 

(4) 

(5) 
(5) 

(5) 
(i,  2*) 

(6) 
(6) 

(2.3) 
(6) 
(6) 

(6,  7) 

(5) 
(5) 
(i,  2,  3) 
. (5) 

(7) 

(7) 

(4,  5) 

(8) 
(5) 
(5) 

(5*) 

(5) 

(6,  7) 
(6,  7) 

(6,  7) 

(6) 
(6) 

(5) 

(2,  5) 
(2,  5) 

(7) 

(5,  6) 

(7) 
(6,  7) 

(7) 

(6) 


Fragaria  vesca  L.,  wood  strawberry  (u). 

Geiim  virginianiim  L.,  avens. 

Agrimonia  spp.,  agrimony. 

Polentilla  Anserina  L.,  goose-grass. 

“ fruticosa  L.,  shrubby  cinquefoil. 

“ canadensis  L.,  Canada  cinquefoil  {u). 

Spiraea  latifolia  Borkh.,  meadow-sweet. 

“ tomentosa  L.,  steeple  bush. 

Desmodium  canadensis  DC.,  tick-trefoil  (w). 

“ spp.,  tick-trefoil. 

Baptisia  leucantha  T.  &.  G.,  false  indigo. 

Lupinus  perennis  L.,  lupine. 

Petalostemum  piirpureum  Rydb.,  prairie  clover. 

Tephrosia  virginiana  Pers.,  hoary  pea. 

Lespedeza  capitata  Mich.,  bush-clover. 

“ violacea  Pers.,  bush-clover. 

Lathyrus  maritimus  Bigel.,  beach-pea. 

“ venosus  Muhl.,  vetchling  (w). 

“ ochroleucus  Hook.,  cream-colored  vetchling  (m). 

Strophostyles  helvola  Britton,  beach-bean. 

Oxalis  violacea  L.,  violet  wood  sorrel  {u). 

“ stricta  L.,  yellow  wood  sorrel  {u). 

Geranium  maculatum  L.,  wild  geranium. 

“ carolinianum  L.,  wild  geranium. 

Poly  gala  polygama  Walt.,  milkwort. 

Euphorbia  polygonijolia  L.,  seaside  spurge. 

“ corollata  L.,  flowering  spurge. 

Impatiens  hiflora  Walt.,  jewelweed. 

“ pallida  Nutt.,  jewelweed  or  touch-me-not  {u). 

Hypericum  Kalmianum  L.,  Kalm’s  St.  John’s-wort. 

“ prolificum  L.,  shrubby  St.  John’s- wort. 

Hudsonia  tomentosa  Nutt. 

Helianthemum  canadense  Michx.,  frost  weed. 

Viola  pedata  L.,  bird-foot  violet. 

“ sagittata  Ait.,  arrow-leaved  violet. 

“ canadensis  L.,  Canada  violet. 

“ cucullata  Ait.,  blue  violet  (w). 

“ rostrata  Pursh,  long-spurred  violet. 

“ palmata  L.,  palmate  blue  violet  {u). 

“ cons  per  sa  Reich.,  dog  violet  (w). 

Opuntia  Rafinesquii  Engelm.,  prickly  pear. 

Oenothera  biennis  L.,  common  evening  primrose. 

“ rhombipetala  Nutt.,  evening  primrose. 

Circaea  lutetiana  L.,  enchanter’s  nightshade. 

Aralia  nudicaulis  L.,  wild  sarsaparilla,. 

Panax  quinquefolium  L.,  ginseng. 

“ trifolium  L.,  dwarf  ginseng. 

Erigenia  bulbosa  Nutt.,  har  .inger  of  spring  (w). 

Taenidia  integerrima  Drude,  yellow  pimpernel  {u). 


10 


(7) 

(7) 

(5,  6,  7) 
(4) 
(4,  6) 

(4) 

(5) 
(4,  5) 

(8) 
(8) 
(8) 

(6) 
is) 

(2,  3,  S) 

(7) 

(5) 

(5,6) 

(4,  5,  6) 

(6,  7) 
(5*) 

(6) 

(7) 
(6) 
(6) 

(4,  S) 
(4*,  5) 

(5) 
(4,  5) 

(6) 
(3,  5) 
(3,  5) 

(5) 

(6) 
(5) 

(8) 
(8) 

(5) 

(6) 
(8) 
(7) 
(6) 

(2,  3) 
(7) 
(6,  7) 

(6,  7) 

(6,  7) 
(6) 
(4,  5) 
(4) 


Sanicitla  marilandica  L,,  sanicle. 

Cryptotaenia  canadensis  DC.,  honewort. 

Monotropa  uniflora  L.,  Indian  pipe. 

Chimaphila  umbellata  Nutt.,  prince’s  pine. 

Pyrola  elliptica  Nutt.,  shin  leaf. 

“ secunda  L.,  shin  leaf. 

Epigaea  repens  L.,  May  flower;  trailing  arbutus. 

Gaultheria  procmnhens  L.,  aromatic  wintergreen. 

Sabbatia  angularis  Pursh. 

Gentiana  crinita  Froel.,  fringed  gentian. 

“ Andrewsii  Griseb.,  closed  gentian. 

Apocynum  androsaemifolium  L.,  dogbane  (w). 

Asclepias  tuberosa  L.,  butterfly  weed. 

“ syriaca  L.,  common  milkweed. 

“ phytolaccoides  Pursh,  poke  milkweed. 

Acerates  viridiflora  Ell.,  green  milkweed. 

Cuscuta  Gronovii  Willd.,  dodder. 

Phlox  pilosa  L.,  hairy  phlox. 

“ divaricata  L.,  blue  phlox. 

“ bifida  Beck.,  cleft  phlox. 

Polemonium  reptans  L.,  Jacob’s  ladder  (w). 

Hydrophyllum  appendiculatum  Mich.,  waterleaf. 

Mertensia  virginica  Link.,  bluebells  or  Virginian  cowslip  («)- 
Myosotis  virginica  BSP.,  small  white  forget-me-not. 
Lithospermum  canescens  Lehm.,  puccoon. 

“ Gmelini  Hitchc.,  puccoon. 

Monarda  fistulosa  L.,  wild  bergamot. 

“ punctata  L.,  horse-mint 
Hedeoma  pulegioides  Pers.,  American  pennyroyal. 

Phy salts  lanceolata  Michx.,  ground-cherry. 

“ virginiana  Mill.,  ground-cherry. 

Linaria  canadensis  Dumont.,  toadflax. 

Collinsia  verna  Nutt.,  blue-eyed  Mary  (w). 

Gerardia  pedicularia  L.,  false  foxglove. 

“ purpurea  L.,  purple  gerardia. 

Castilleja  coccinea  Spreng.,  painted-cup. 

Pedicularis  canadensis  L.,  lousewort. 

Melampyrum  linear e Lam.,  cow  wheat. 

Utricularia  cornuta  Michx.,  small  bladderwort.. 

Epifagus  virginiana  Wallr.,  beech-drops. 

Conopholis  americana  Wallr.,  cancer-root. 

Orobanche  fasciculata  Nutt.,  yellow  cancer-root.. 

Galium  Aparine  L.,  bed-straw,  cleavers. 

“ circaezans  Michx.,  wild  liquorice. 

“ concinnum  T.  & G.,  shining  bedstraw. 

Mitchella  repens  L.,  partridge  berry. 

Houstonia  caerulea  L.,  bluets  (m). 

Campanula  rotundifolia  L.,  bluebell. 

Linnaea  borealis  americana  Rehder.,  twin-flower. 


II 


(6) 

(7) 

(5) 

(s) 

(4,  5) 
(4,  5) 

(8) 

(7) 

(6) 
(6) 
(5) 

(2*,  3*) 
(5) 
(2,  3) 
(5*) 
(6,  7) 
(5) 
(i) 

(8) 
(5) 
(5) 
(4) 

(4) 
(8) 

(i,  2,  3,  4) 
(I,  2,  3,  4) 
(i,  2,  3) 
(4,  5) 
(5,  6) 
(6,  7) 
(7) 

(5) 


Triosleum  perfoliatnm  L.,  horse  gentian. 

Eupalorium  urlicacfolmm  Reichard,  white  thoroughwort. 

Lialris  cylindracea  Michx.,  blazing-star. 

“ scariosa  Willd.,  blazing-star. 

Asler  sericeus  Vent. 

“ linariifolius  L.,  narrow-leaved  aster. 

“ azureus  Lindl.,  blue  aster. 

“ cordijolius  L.,  heart-leaved  aster. 

“ macrophyllus  L.,  heart-leaved  aster. 

Erigeron  piilchellus  Michx.,  Robin’s  plantain. 

Solidago  speciosa  Nutt.,  goldenrod. 

“ racemosa  Gillmani  Fernald,  goldenrod. 

“ nemoralis  Ait.,  goldenrod. 

“ rigida  L.,  goldenrod. 

“ hispida  Muhl.,  rough  goldenrod. 

“ caesia  L.,  goldenrod. 

Antennaria  plantaginifolia  Richards,  everlasting. 

Xanthium  canadense  Mill.,  cockle-bur. 

Rudbeckia  hirta  L.,  yellow  daisy. 

Helianthus  divaricatus  L.,  sunflower. 

“ occidentalis  Riddell,  sunflower. 

Coreopsis  palmata  Nutt.,  stiff  tickseed. 

“ lanceolata  L.,  lance-leaved  tickseed. 

“ tripteris  L.,  tall  coreopsis. 

Artemisia  caudata  Michx.,  wormwood. 

“ canadensis  Michx.,  wormwood. 

Cirsium  Pitcheri  T.  & G.,  sand- thistle. 

Krigia  virginica  Willd.,  dwarf  dandelion. 

“ amplexicaulis  Nutt.,  dwarf  dandelion. 

Prenantkes  alba  L.,  rattlesnake  root. 

Polymnia  nvedalia  L.,  leafcup. 

Hieracium  canadense  Michx.,  Canada  hawkweed. 


II.  THE  PRAIRIE  ASSOCIATIONS 

Shallow  lakes  or  marshes  have  apparently  one  of  two  destinies, 
namely,  either  a forest  or  a prairie.  East  of  Chicago  the  former  succes- 
sion is  almost  universal,  but  both  are  to  be  seen  in  this  region.  The 
stages  in  plant  succession  are  not  always  clearly  in  evidence  upon  the 
prairie,  but  in  the  following  list  of  species  those  of  the  low  prairie  (i), 
usually  comprising  a Spartina  and  a Calamagrostis  association,  are 
distinguished  from  those  more  characteristic  of  the  Panicum  and  the  Poa- 
Andropogon  associations  of  the  higher  prairie  (2).  Harvey  has  shown 
(Trans.  111.  Acad.  Sci.  6:1913)  the  average  evaporation  in  a prairie  asso- 
ciation to  be  about  equal  to  that  of  the  oak  dune  and  the  water  content  of 
the  soil  to  be  decidedly  low  during  the  summer  months.  Comparatively 
undisturbed  prairie  areas  are  to  be  seen  at  Chicago  Lawn  and  Ashburn,  111. 


12 


(2)  Andropogon  scoparius  Michx.,  blue-stem  grass. 

(2*)  “ furcatus  Muhl.,  blue-stem  grass. 

(1)  Sorghaslnini  nutans  Nash.,  Indian  grass. 

(2*)  Panicujn  virgalum  L.,  switch  grass. 

(2)  Sporoholus  heterolcpis  Gray,  drop-seed  grass. 

(2)  Agrostis  alba  L.,  red  top  grass. 

(i*)  Calamagrostis  canadensis  Beauv.,  blue-joint  grass. 

(2)  Koeleria  cristata  Pers. 

(2)  Danthonia  spicata  Beauv.,  wild  oat  grass. 

(i*)  Spartina  Michauxiana  Hitch.,  cord  grass. 

(2*)  Poa  compressa  L.,  Canada  blue  grass. 

(2)  “ pratensis  L.,  Kentucky  blue  grass. 

(i*)  Glyceria  nervata  Trin.,  fowl  meadow  grass. 

(2)  Festuca  elatior  L.,  meadow  fescue  grass. 

(2)  Bromus  Kalmii  Gray,  wild  chess. 

(2)  Hordeim  jubatum  L.,  squirrel-tail  grass. 

(2)  Elymus  canadensis  L.,  wild  rye. 

(i*)  Eleocharis  palustris  R.  & S.,  spike  rush. 

(i)  Cy perns  strigosus  L. 

(i)  Fimbristylis  castanea  Vahl. 

(i)  Scirpiis  lineatus  Michx. 

(i)  “ jiimatilis  Gray,  bulrush. 

(i)  Car  ex  scoparia  Schkuhr. 

(i)  “ cristata  Schwein. 

(i)  “ Sartwellii  Dewey. 

(i)  “ stricta  Lam. 

(i)  “ lanuginosa  Michx. 

(i)  “ straminea  Willd. 

(i)  Jiincus  nodosus  L.,  rush. 

(i)  “ Torreyi  Coville,  Torrey’s  rush. 

(1)  “ acuminatus  Michx.,  rush. 

(2*)  Allium  cernuum  Roth.,  wild  onion. 

(2)  Lilium  philadelphicum  L.,  orange  lily. 

(2)  “ canadense  L.,  wild  yellow  lily. 

(2)  Camassia  esculenta  Robinson,  wild  hyacinth. 

(1)  Iris  versicolor  L.,  blue  flag. 

(2)  Sisyrinchium  angustifolium  Mill.,  blue-eyed  grass. 

(2)  Comandra  umbellata  bastard  toad-flax. 

(2)  Silene  antirrhina  L.,  sleepy  catchfly. 

(2)  Heuchera  hispida  Pursh,  alum  root. 

(2)  Stellaria  longifolia  Muhl.,  long-leaved  chickweed. 

(2)  Thalictrum  dasycarpum  Fisch  & Lall.,  meadow  rue. 

(2)  Potentilla  canadensis  L.,  Canada  cinquefoil. 

(2)  “ argentea  L.,  silvery  cinquefoil. 

(2)  “ arguta  Pursh,  rough  cinquefoil. 

(2)  Fragaria  virginiana  Duchesne,  wild  strawberry. 

(2)  Amorpha  fruticosa  L.,  false  indigo. 

(2)  “ canescens  Pursh,  lead-plant. 

(2)  Petalostemicm  purpureum  Rydb.,  purple  prairie  clover. 


13 


(2)  Petalostemum  candidum  Michx.,  white  prairie  clover. 

(1)  Lathyrus  palustris  L,,  marsh-pea. 

(2)  Desmodium  illinoense  Gray,  tick-trefoil. 

(i)  Poly  gala  sangumea  L.,  milkwort. 

(i)  Hypericum  virgatum  Lam.,  St.  John’s-wort. 

(i)  “ mutilum  L.,  St.  John’s-wort. 

(1)  Viola  papilionacea  Pursh,  violet. 

(2)  “ Ait.,  sagittate  violet. 

(i)  “ pedatifida  G.  Don.,  prairie  violet. 

(i)  Ly thrum  alatum  Pursh,  winged  loosestrife. 

(1)  Oenothera  pralensis  Robinson,  sun-drops. 

(2)  Gaura  biennis  L. 

(2)  Zizia  aurea  Koch.,  golden  Alexanders. 

(2)  Eryngium  yuccifolium  Michx.,  button  snakeroot. 

(i)  Cicuta  maculata  L.,  water-hemlock. 

(1)  Oxypolis  rigidior  (L.)  Coult.  & Rose.,  cowbane. 

(2)  Dodecatheon  Meadia  L.,  shooting-star. 

(2)  Lithospermum  canescens  Lehm.,  puccoon. 

(2)  Satureja  glabra  Fernald,  calamint. 

(i)  Steironema  quadriflorum  Hitch.,  loosestrife. 

(1)  “ lanceolatum  Gray,  loosestrife. 

(2)  Gentiana  puberula  Michx.,  gentian. 

(2)  “ flavida  Gray,  gentian. 

(2)  Apocynum  cannabium  L.,  Indian  hemp. 

(i)  Asckpias  incarnata  L.,  swamp  milkweed. 

(1)  “ Sullivantii  Englem.,  Sullivant’s  milkweed. 

(2)  “ verticillata  L.,  verticillate  milkweed. 

(2)  Acerates  floridana  Hitch.,  green  milkweed. 

(1)  Convolvulus  sepium  L.,  hedge  bindweed. 

(2)  Phlox  glaberrima  L.,  smooth  phlox. 

(2)  “ pilosa  L.,  hairy  phlox. 

(2)  Cynoglossum  officinale  L.,  hound’s- tongue. 

(2)  Verbena  stricta  Vent.,  hoary  vervain. 

(2)  Scutellaria  parvula  Michx.,  small  skullcap. 

(2)  Physostegia  virginiana  Benth.,  dragon-head. 

(1)  Stachys  palustris  L.,  woundwort. 

(2)  Pycnanthemum  virginianum  L.,  mountain  mint. 

(2)  “ flexuosum  BSP.,  mountain  mint. 

(1)  Lycopus  americanus  Muhl.,  water  horehound. 

(2)  Chelone  glabra  L.,  snake’s-head. 

(2)  Veronica  virginica  L.,  Culver’s  root. 

(2)  Gerardia  purpurea  L. 

(2)  “ tenuifolia  Vahl. 

(i)  Pentstemon  laevigatus  Ait.,  beard-tongue. 

(1)  Mimulus  ringens  L.,  monkey  flower. 

(2)  Galium  boreale  L.,  northern  bedstraw. 

(i)  “ tinctorium  L.,  bedstraw. 

(1)  Campanula  aparinoides  Pursh,  marsh  bellflower. 

(2)  Lobelia  spicata  Lam.,  wild  lobelia. 


14 


(2)  Vcrnonia  fasciculata  Michx.,  ironweed. 

(2)  “ allissvma  Nutt.,  ironweed. 

(2)  Kuhnia  eupatorioides  L.,  false  boneset. 

(2)  Liatris  spicata  Willd.,  blazing  star. 

(2)  " cylindracea  Michx.,  blazing  star. 

(2)  “ scariosa  Willd.,  button  snakeroot. 

(1)  BoUotiia  asteroides  L’Her.,  aster-like  Boltonia. 

(2)  SoUdago  rigida  L.,  rigid  goldenrod. 

(2)  “ canadensis  L.,  Canada  goldenrod. 

(2)  " serotina  Ait.,  late  goldenrod. 

(1)  “ Riddellii  Frank,  goldenrod. 

(2)  “ graminifolia  Salisb.,  grass-leaved  goldenrod. 

(2)  Aster  novae-angliae  L.,  New  England  aster. 

(2)  “ 7mdtiflorus  Ait.,  many-flowered  aster. 

(2*)  “ vimineus  Lam.,  many-flowered  aster. 

(2)  “ paniciilatus  Lam.,  panicled  aster. 

(2)  “ ericoides  L.,  frost- weed  aster. 

(2)  Erigeron  philadelphicns  L.,  fleabane. 

(2)  “ ramosus  BSP. 

(2)  Anteftnaria  plantaginifolia  Rich.,  plantain-leaved  everlasting. 
(2)  Silphium  lacmiatum  L.,  compass-plant. 

(2)  “ Jacq.,  prairie-dock. 

(2)  “ integrijolium  Michx.,  rosinweed. 

(2)  Partheyihim  integrijolium  L.,  feverfew. 

(1)  Rudheckia  triloba  L.,  thin-leaved  cone-flower. 

(2)  “ hirta  L.,  black-eyed-Susan. 

(2)  Heliopsis  helianthoides  Sweet,  ox-eye. 

(2)  Lepachys  pinnata  T.  & G.,  cone  flower 
(2)  Helianthus  strumosus  L.,  sunflower. 

(2)  “ grosseserratus  Martens,  sunflower. 

(2)  “ scaherrimus  Ell.,  sunflower. 

(2)  Cacalia  tuberosa  Nutt.,  Indian  plantain. 

(i)  Senecio  aureus  L.,  golden  ragwort. 

(1)  “ Balsamitae  Muhl.,  golden  ragwort. 

(2)  Cirsium  virginianum  (L.)  Michx.,  thistle. 

(1)  “ altissimum  (L.)  Spreng.,  thistle. 

(2)  “ pumilum  Spreng.,  pasture  thistle. 

(2)  “ lanceolatum  Hill.,  bull  thistle. 

(2)  Krigia  amplexicaulis  Nutt.,  Virginia  goatsbeard. 

(2)  Lactuca  canadensis  L.,  wild  lettuce. 

(2)  “ ludoviciana  Riddell,  wild  lettuce. 


III.  AQUATIC  ASSOCIATIONS 

These  associations  reach  their  best  development  in  the  shallow  lakes 
and  ponds  of  the  old  lake  plain  and  in  the  depressions  in  the  sand  dune 
area.  Others  are  found  in  connection  with  the  development  of  the 
stream  system.  The  succession  in  these  ponds,  streams,  and  swamps 


15 


may  lead  to  either  a grassland  or  a forest.  Only  seed  plants  and  ferns 
are  included  in  the  following  lists  which  are  classified  to  indicate  the 
(i)  submerged,  (2)  floating-leaved,  and  (3)  emergent  aquatics,  the 
(4)  reed,  and  the  (5)  sedge  swamp  associations.  Subsequent  stages  in 
the  successions  are  given  under  the  prairie,  peat  bog,  and  flood  plain 
associations.  Among  the  many  localities  in  which  aquatic  vegetation 
is  to  be  found  some  of  the  best  are  at  Miller,  Long  Lake,  Pine,  Wolf,  and 
Calumet  lakes,  Ind.,  Skokie  Marsh  and  Fox  Lake,  111. 

Shrubs 

(3)  Salix  amygdaloides  Anders.,  peach-leaved  willow. 

(3)  “ cordata  Muhl.,  heart-leaved  willow. 

(3)  “ glaucophylla  Bebb,  glaucous  willow. 

(3)  “ longifolia  Muhl.,  sand-bar  willow. 

(3)  “ (iwco/or  Muhl.,  glaucous  willow. 

(3)  CephalantJms  occidentalis  L.,  buttonbush. 

Herbaceous  Plants 

(5)  Selaginella  apus  Spreng.,  marsh  selaginella. 

(3)  Equisetum  variegatum  Schleich.,  variegated  horsetail. 

(3)  Equisetum  fluviatile  L.,  swamp  horsetail. 

(4*)  Typha  latifolia  L.,  common  cat-tail. 

(4*)  “ angustifolia  L.,  narrow-leafed  cat-tail. 

(3*)  Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.,  bur-reed. 

(2*)  Potaniogeton  natans  L.,  pond  weed. 


(2) 

u 

americanus  C.  & S.,  American  pondweed. 

(2) 

u 

amplifolius  Tuckerm.,  broad-leaved  pondweed. 

(l") 

crispus  L.,  crisp  pondweed. 

(l) 

u 

lucens  L.,  shining  pondweed. 

(C) 

u 

zosterifolius  Schu.,  grass-leaved  pondweed. 

(I*) 

u 

pectinatus  L.,  narrow-leaved  pondweed. 

(l) 

a 

Rohhinsii  Oakes,  Robbin’s  pondweed. 

(i)  Zannichellia  palustris  L.,  horned  pondweed. 

(i*)  Najas  flexilis  R.  & S.,  naiad. 

(4)  Triglochin  maritima  L.,  arrow  grass. 

(3*)  Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd.,  arrow-head. 

(3)  “ heterophylla  Pursh,  arrowweed. 

(3)  “ graminea  Michx.,  narrow  arrow-head. 

(3)  Alisma  plantago-aquatica  L.,  water  plantain. 

(i*)  Elodea  canadensis  Michx.,  water-weed. 

(i)  Vallisneria  spiralis  L.,  tape  grass. 

(3>  5)  Calaniagrostis  canadensis  Beauv.,  blue-joint  grass. 
(4*)  Phragmites  communis  Trin.,  reed. 

(5)  Spartina  Michauxiana  Hitch.,  cord  grass. 

(3)  Zizania  aquatica  L.,  wild  rice. 

(3)  Eleocharis  palustris  R.  & S.,  spike  rush. 

(3,  5)  “ tenuis  Schultes,  spike  rush. 


16 


(5) 
(3*) 
(3*) 
(4,  5) 
(2) 
(I*) 
(5) 
(5) 
(5*) 
(5) 
(5) 
(5) 

(3) 
(3,  5) 

(4) 
(2*) 
(I*) 
(2*) 

(2) 

(3*) 

(3) 

(5) 
(5) 
(5) 

{3,  5) 
(3) 

(i,  3,  5) 
(i,  3,  5) 

(3,  5) 

(I*) 

(2*) 

(2*) 

(2*) 

(2) 
(i) 
(i) 
(5) 

(3) 
(i,  3) 

(1) 

(3) 
(3) 
(3,  5) 
(3) 

(2) 
(5) 

(3) 
(5) 

(3,5) 


Elcocharis  acicularis  R.  & S.,  spike  rush. 

Scirpus  validtis  Vkihk,  great  bulrush. 

“ Jluviatilis  Gray,  river  bulrush. 

“ amcricantis  Pers.,  triangular  bulrush. 

Dulichiiun  arundinaceum  Britton. 

Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.,  woolly  sedge. 

“ jiliformis  L.,  slender  sedge. 

“ aurca  Nutt.,  golden  sedge. 

“ stricta  Lam.,  narrow  sedge. 

“ spp.,  sedges. 

Rynchospora  capillacea  Torr.,  beak  rush. 

Cladium  mariscoides  Torr.,  twig  rush. 

Symplocarpus  foetidus  Nutt.,  skunk  cabbage. 

Peltandra  virginica  Knuth.,  arrow  arum. 

Acorns  calamus  L.,  sweet  flag. 

Spirodcla  polyrhiza  Schleid.,  duckweed. 

Lemna  Irisulca  L.,  duckweed. 

“ minor  L.,  duckweed. 

Wolffia  Columbiana  Karst.,  smallest  duckweed. 

Pontederia  cordata  L.,  pickerel- weed. 

Heteranthera  dubia  MacM.,  water  star-grass. 

J uncus  iiodosus  L.,  knotted  rush. 

“ canadensis  Gay.,  Canada  rush. 

“ balticus  Willd.,  Baltic  rush. 

Iris  versicolor  L.,  blue  flag. 

Saururus  cernuus  L.,  lizard’s  tail. 

Polygonum  ajnphibium  L.,  water  smartweed. 

“ Muhlenbergii  Wats.,  water  smartweed. 

“ hydro piperoides  Michx.,  water  pepper. 

Cerato  phyllum  demersum  L.,  horn  wort. 

Nymphaea  advena  Ait.,  yellow  pond  lily. 

Castalia  tuberosa  Greene,  white  water  lily. 

Brasenia  Schreberi  Gmel.,  water  shield. 

Nelumbo  liitea  Pers.,  American  lotus  or  nelumbo. 
Ranunculus  aquatilis  L.,  white  water  buttercup. 

“ delphinifolius  Torr.,  yellow  water  buttercup. 

“ pennsylvanicus  L.,  bristly  buttercup. 

Caltha  palustris  L.,  marsh  marigold. 

Radicula  N asturtium-aqualica  B.  & R.,  water  cress. 

“ aquatica  Rob.,  lake  cress. 

“ palustris  Moench.,  marsh  cress. 

Cardamine  hirsuta  L.,  bitter  cress. 

Penthorum  sedoides  L.,  ditch  stonecrop. 

Potentilla  palustris  Scop.,  marsh  cinquefoil. 

Callitriche  palustris  L.,  water  starwort. 

Hypericum  virginicum  L.,  marsh  St.  John’s- wort. 

“ canadense  L.,  Canada  St.  John’s- wort. 
Lythrum  alatum  Pursh,  winged  loosestrife. 

Ludvigia  palustris  Ell:,  water  purslane. 


17 


(5)  Epilobium  molle  Torr.,  willow-herb. 

(i*)  Myriophyllum  spicatnm  L.,  water  milfoil. 

(i*)  “ heterophyllum  Michx.,  water  milfoil. 

(3)  Proserpinaca  palustris  L.,  mermaid- weed. 

(3)  Hippuris  vulgaris  L.,  mare’s  tail. 

(3,  s)  Sium  ciculaefolium  Schrank.,  water  parsnip. 

(3,  5)  Cicuta  bulbifera  L.,  bulb-bearing  water  hemlock. 

(5)  “ maculata  L.,  water  hemlock. 

(5)  Lysimachia  thyrsiflora  L.,  tufted  loosestrife. 

(5)  “ terrestris  BSP.,  bulbous  loosestrife. 

(3)  Menyanthcs  trifoliata  L.,  buckbean. 

(5)  Asclepias  incarnata  L.,  swamp  milkweed. 

(5)  Verbena  hastata  L.,  blue  vervain. 

(5)  Scutellaria  galericulata  L.,  marsh  skullcap. 

(5)  Lycopus  americanus  Muhl.,  water  horehound. 

(5)  “ virginicus  L.,  bugle  weed. 

(5)  Mentha  arvensis  canadensis  L.,  Canada  mint. 

(3)  Veronica  Anagallis-aquatica  L.,  water  speedwell. 

(i*)  Utricularia  vulgaris  L.,  bladderwort. 

(i)  “ minor  L.,  smaller  bladderwort. 

(i)  Dianther  a americana  L.,  water  willow. 

(3)  Plantago  cor  data  Lam.,  river  plantain. 

(5)  Galium  asprellum  Michx.,  marsh  bedstraw. 

(3>  S)  Campanula  aparinoides  Pursh.,  marsh  bellflower. 

(5)  Eupatorium  purpureum  L.,  Joe-Pye  weed. 

(5)  “ perfoliatum  L.,  boneset  or  thorough  wort. 

(5)  Solidago  graminifolia  Salisb.,  grass-leaved  goldenrod. 
(5)  Cirsium  muticum  Michx.,  swamp  thistle. 

(s)  Bidens  trichosperma  Britton,  marsh  stick- tight. 

(5)  “ frondosa  L.,  beggar-tick. 


IV.  THE  PEAT  BOG  ASSOCIATIONS 

The  associations  in  the  peat  bog  series  that  are  best  developed  are 
(i)  the  sedge,  (2)  the  xerophytic  shrub,  (3)  the  tamarack,  and  (4)  the 
pine-birch  forest  associations.  No  separate  discussion  of  the  stages  in 
the  succession  will  be  attempted  but  the  association  in  which  the  follow- 
ing species  occur  most  abundantly  will  be  indicated.  These  associations, 
are  seen  at  Mineral  Springs  and  Mill  Creek,  Ind.,  and  Fox  Lake,  111. 

Trees  and  Shrubs 

(4*)  Pinus  Strobus  L.,  white  pine. 

(4)  Thuja  occidentalis  L.,  arbor  vitae. 

(3*)  Larix  laricina  Koch.,  tamarack  or  American  larch. 

(1,2)  Salix  pedicellaris  Pursh. 

(i,  2)  “ Candida  Flugge,  hoary  willow. 

(2)  “ discolor  Muhl.,  glaucous  willow. 


18 


(4)  Betula  lutea  Michx.,  yellow  birch, 

(4)  “ pumila  L.,  dwarf  birch. 

(2,  3)  Alnus  incana  Moench.,  hoary  alder. 

(4)  Ulmus  amcricana  L.,  American  elm. 

(3,  4)  Rubus  hispidus  L.,  low  swamp  blackberry. 

(3,  4)  “ villflsus  Ait.,  dewber^>^ 

(3,  4)  “ trijlorus  Richards,  dwarf  raspberry. 

(3,  4)  “ idaeus  L.,  red  raspberry. 

(2*)  Rosa  Carolina  L.,  swamp  rose. 

(4)  Pyrus  arbutifolia  L.,  chokeberry. 

(4)  Amclanchier  canadensis  Medic.,  service-berry. 

(2*)  Rhus  Vernix  L,,  poison-sumach. 

(2,  3)  Ilex  verticillata  Gray,  northern-holly. 

(2,  3)  Nemopantkus  mucronata  Trek,  mountain-holly. 

(4*)  Acer  rubrum  L.,  red  maple. 

(2,  3)  Rhamnus  alnifolia  L’Her.,  swamp  buckthorn. 

(4)  Tilia  americana  L,,  basswood  or  American  linden. 
(3*)  Chamaedaphne  calyculata  Moench.,  cassandra. 

(3)  Andromeda  polifolia  L.,  Andromeda. 

(3,  4)  Vaccinium  corymbosum  L.,  tall  blueberry. 

(i)  “ macrocar pon  Ait.,  cranberry. 

(2,  3)  Cornus  stolotiifera  Michx.,  red-osier  dogwood. 

(3)  “ canadensis  L.,  dwarf  dogwood. 

(4)  Nyssa  sylvatica  Marsh.,  sour  gum. 

(4)  Sambucus  racemosa  L.,  red-berried  elder. 

(4)  Lonicera  dioica  L.,  swamp  honeysuckle. 

Herbaceous  Plants 

(3,  4)  Osmunda  regalis  L.,  ro}^al  fern. 

(3,  4)  “ Claytoniana  L.,  interrupted  fern. 

(3,  4)  “ cinnamomea  L.,  cinnamon  fern. 

(3*,  4)  Onoclea  sensibilis  L.,  sensitive  fern. 

(i*,  2)  Aspidium  Thelypteris  Sw.,  swamp  fern. 

(3,  4)  “ cristatum  Sw.,  cristate  shield  fern. 

(2*)  Woodwardia  virginica  Sm.,  chain  fern. 

(i)  Glyceria  nervata  Trin.,  manna  grass. 

(i)  Zizania  aquatica  L.,  wild  rice. 

(i)  Dulichium  arundinaceum  Britton. 

(i*)  Eleocharis  rostellata  Torr.,  spike-rush. 

(i)  “ palustris  (L.)  R.  & S.,  spike-rush. 

(i)  Scirpus  validus  Vahl.,  great  bulrush. 

(i)  “ cyperinus  Kunth.,  wool  grass. 

(i)  “ atrovirens  Muhl.,  dark  green  bulrush. 

(i)  Cy perils  strigosus  L.,  straw-colored  cyperus. 

(i)  “ erythrorhizos  Muhl, 

(i)  “ Engelmanni  Steud. 

(i)  Eriophorum  virginicum  L.,  cotton  grass, 

(i)  Cladium  mariscoides  Torr.,  twig-rush. 


19 


(I) 

(I) 

(3) 

(1. 3) 

(I) 

(l) 

(l) 

(l) 

(1) 

(3. 4) 

(l,  2) 

(3) 

(2) 
(l,  2) 

(4) 
(l,  3) 

(1.3) 
(l,  3) 

(l) 

(1) 

(I) 

(1) 

(3) 

(1) 

(2) 

(1) 

(2) 

(2) 

(3) 

(3) 

(1) 

(3. 4) 

(2) 

(2) 
(l) 
(I) 

(4) 

(I*,  2) 

(4) 
(3,  4) 
(4) 

(3) 
(3) 

(l) 

(l) 

(l) 

(l) 


Scleria  triglomerala  Michx.,  nut-rush. 

Rynchospom  glomerata  (L.)  Vahl.,  beak-rush. 

Carex  Irisperma  Dewey,  soft-leaved  sedge. 

“ stellulata  Good,  prickly  sedge. 

“ lenella  Schkuhr.,  sedge. 

“ crinita  Lam.,  fringed  sedge. 

“ filiformis  L.,  slender  sedge. 

“ Pseudo-Cy perns  L.,  cyperus  sedge. 

J uncus  tenuis  Willd.,  slender  rush. 

Maianlhemum  canadense  Desf.,  wild  lily-of-the- valley. 
Iris  versicolor  L.,  blue  flag. 

Cypripedium  parvijlorum  Salisb.,  yellow  lady’s  slipper. 

“ hirsutum  Mill.,  showy  lady’s  slipper. 

“ candidum  Muhl.,  white  lady’s  slipper. 

“ acaule  Ait.,  stemless  lady’s  slipper. 
Hahenaria  hyperhorea  (L.)  R.Br.,  rein  orchis. 

“ clavellata  Spreng.,  rein  orchis. 

“ ciliaris  R.Br.,  fringed  orchis. 

“ blephariglottis  Torr.,  white  fringed  orchis. 

“ psycodes  Sw.,  purple  fringed  orchis. 
Calopogon  pulchellus  R.Br. 

Spiranthes  cernua  (L.)  Richards,  ladies’  tresses. 

Pilea  pumila  Gray,  clear  weed. 

Boehmeria  cylindrica  Sw.,  false  nettle. 

Thalictrum  dasycarpum  F.  & L.,  meadow  rue. 
Sarracenia  purpurea  L.,  pitcher-plant. 

Drosera  rotundifolia  L.,  sundew. 

“ longifolia  L.,  sundew. 

Saxifraga  pennsylvanica  L.,  swamp  saxifrage. 
Chrysosplenium  americanum  Schwein.,  golden  saxifrage. 
Parnassia  caroliniana  Michx.,  grass  of  Parnassus. 
Coptis  trifolia  Salisb.,  goldthread. 

Spiraea  latifolia  Borkh.,  meadow-sweet. 

“ tomentosa  L.,  hardback. 

Viola  lanceolata  L.,  lance-leaved  violet. 

“ pollens  Brainerd,  sweet  white  violet. 

Aralia  nudicaulis  L.,  wild  sarsaparilla. 

Decodon  verticillatus  Ell.,  water  willow. 

Trientalis  americana  Pursh,  star-flower. 

Galium  trijlorum  Michx.,  sweetscented  bedstraw. 
Mitchella  repens  L.,  partridge  berry. 

Myosotis  laxa  Lehm.,  forget-me-not. 

Linnaea  borealis  L.,  twinflower. 

Solidago  patula  Muhl.,  bog  goldenrod. 

“ neglecta  T.  & R.,  bog  goldenrod. 

Aster  puniceus  L.,  bog  aster. 

Bidens  trichosperma  Britton,  tickseed. 


20 


V.  THE  ROCK  RAVINE  ASSOCIATIONS 


Well-developed  narrow  rock  ravines  with  nearly  perpendicular  sides 
are  so  well  shaded  and  the  air  currents  are  so  reduced  that  the  evaporat- 
ing power  of  the  air  is  reduced  to  a minimum.  This  permits  the  develop- 
ment of  associations  of  liverworts,  mesophytic  mosses,  delicate  ferns, 
and  extreme  shade  plants  such  as  Impatiens  and  Pilea.  Upon  ledges 
along  the  sides  of  the  canyons  and  at  the  foot  of  the  walls  as  soon  as 
sufficient  soil  accumulates  a herbaceous  and  shrub  vegetation  similar 
to  the  undergrowth  of  the  climax  mesophytic  forest  {q.v.)  makes  its 
appearance.  With  the  widening  of  the  canyon  and  the  accumulation 
of  talus  the  trees  of  the  same  forest  appear,  while  as  the  floor  of  the 
canyon  widens  the  vegetation  of  the  flood  plain  {q.v.)  develops  upon  it. 
The  upper  edges  of  the  ravine  have  a vegetation  similar  to  that  of  the 
river  bluff  {q.v.). 

In  the  following  lists  only  the  more  characteristic  species  of  some 
small  limestone  canyons  near  Sag  and  Lemont,  111.,  and  of  the  large 
sandstone  canyons  of  Starved  Rock  Park  are  included.  No  attempt  will 
be  made  to  list  the  mosses  or  leafy  liverworts,  but  the  thallose  liverworts 
include:  Riccia  natans,  Marchantia  polymorpha^  Reboulia  sp.,  Aneura 
pinguis,  Pellia  epiphylla,  Blasia  pusilla,  Scapania  {nemorosa?),  Cepha- 
lozia  sp.,  and  Anthoceros  laevis. 

Trees  and  Shrubs 

Taxus  canadensis  Marsh.,  American  yew. 

Asimina  triloba  Dunal.,  American  papaw. 

Hydrangea  arhorescens  L.,  wild  hydrangea. 

Ribes  Cynosbati  L.,  gooseberry. 

Aruncus  Sylvester  Kosteletzsky,  goat’s-beard. 

Herbaceous  Plants 

Phegopteris  polypodioides  Fee,  beech-fern. 

Asplenium  angustifolium  Michx.,  narrow-leaved  spleenwort. 

Cystopteris  bidbifera  (L.)  Bernh.,  bulb-bearing  fern. 

“ fragilis  (L.)  Bernh.,  fragile  fern. 

Cryptogramma  Stelleri  Prantl,  slender  cliff-brake. 

*Pilea  pumila  (L.)  Gray,  clearweed. 

Parietaria  pennsylvanica  Muhl.,  pellitory. 

Saxifraga  pennsylvanica  L.,  swamp  saxifrage. 

*Arabis  br  achy  car  pa  Britton,  rock  cress. 

“ laevigata  Poir.,  rock  cress. 

Impatiens  biflora  Walt.,  spotted  touch-me-not. 

Aralia  racemosa  L.,  wild  spikenard. 

Solidago  latifolia  L.,  broad-leaved  goldenrod. 


21 


VI.  THE  RIVER  CLIFF  ASSOCIATIONS 


With  the  exception  of  a few  poorly  developed  limestone  cliffs  along 
the  Des  Plaines  River  and  its  tributaries  there  are  no  rock  cliffs  in  the 
immediate  Chicago  region.  High  limestone  cliffs  are  to  be  seen  on  the 
Mississippi  at  Savanna,  111.,  while  at  Starved  Rock  Park  are  cliffs  con- 
sisting of  rather  easily  eroded  sandstone  which  permits  the  rapid  develop- 
ment of  mosses  and  seed  plants  but  is  unfavorable  to  the  growth  of 
lichens.  Among  the  mosses  several  species  of  Polytrichum  (e.g.,  P. 
juniperinum  and  P.  piliferum)  are  prominent.  In  even  slightly  protected 
situations  a layer  of  sandy  soil  soon  accumulates,  hence  it  is  not  sur- 
prising that  upon  level  and  gently  sloped  areas  a vegetation  similar  to 
the  oak  associations  of  the  sand  dunes  {q.v.)  soon  becomes  established. 
Many  of  the  plants  in  the  following  list  are  quite  as  characteristic  of 
river  banks  of  clay  as  of  the  rock  cliffs. 

Trees  and  Shrubs 

Pinus  Strohus  L.,  white  pine. 

Thuja  occidentalis  L.,  arbor  vitae. 

* Juniper  us  virginiana  L.,  red  cedar. 

Populus  tremuloides  Michx.,  American  aspen. 

“ grandidentata  Mich.,  large-toothed  aspen. 

*Ostrya  virginiana  K.  Koch.,  hop-hornbeam. 

Car  pinus  caroliniana  Walt.,  water-beech. 

Rihes  Cynosbati  L.,  prickly  gooseberry. 

*Fhysocarpus  opulifolius  Maxim.,  nine-bark. 

Crataegus  tomentosa  L.,  red  haw. 

“ spp.,  haws  or  thorn  apples. 

Amelanchier  canadensis  (L.)  Medic.,  service-berry. 

Prunus  virginiana  L.,  chokecherry. 

Pyrus  arbutifolia  L.,  chokeberry. 

Ptelea  trifoliata  L.,  hop  tree. 

Rhus  glabra  L.,  smooth  sumach. 

* “ typhina  L.,  rough  sumach. 

“ Toxicodendron  L.,  poison-ivy. 

Ilex  verticillata  (L.)  Gray,  northern  holly. 

Celastrus  scandens  L.,  climbing  bittersweet. 

Vaccinium  pennsylvarticum  Lam.,  blueberry. 

“ canadense  Kalm.,  blueberry. 

*Lonicera  Sullivantii  Gray,  Sullivant’s  honeysuckle. 

^Viburnum  prunifolium  L.,  plum-leaved  haw. 

Herbaceous  Plants 

Selaginella  rupestris  (L.)  Spring. 

Poly  podium  vulgar  e L,,  polypody  fern. 

Pellaea  atropurpurea  Link.,  purple  cliff-brake. 

Pteris  aquilina  L.,  common  brake. 


22 


Camptosorus  rhizophyllus  Link.,  walking  fern. 

Panicum  dichotomum  L.,  prairie-grass. 

Cenchriis  trihuloides  L.,  sand-bur. 

Poa  compressa  L.,  wire-grass. 

Fesluca  octojlora  Walt.,  fescue-grass. 

Ilordeum  jubatum  L.,  squirrel-tail  grass. 

Carex  Muhlenbergii  Schkuhr. 

Cerastium  nutans  Raf.,  chickweed. 

Talinum  teretifolium  Pursh,  flame  flower. 

Heuchera  hhpida  Pursh,  alum-root. 

Ranunculus  fascicularis  Muhl.,  early  fascicled  buttercup. 

Aquilegia  canadensis  L.,  columbine. 

Draba  caroliniana  Walt.,  spring  draba. 

Vida  caroliniana  Walt.,  pale  vetch. 

“ americana  Muhl.,  American  vetch. 

Amorpha  canescens  Pursh,  lead-plant. 

Oxalis  stricta  L.,  yellow  wood  sorrel. 

“ violacea  L.,  violet  wood  sorrel. 

Poly  gala  Senega  L.,  Seneca  snakeroot. 

Taenidia  integerrima  Drude,  yellow  pimpernel. 

Dodecatheon  Meadia  L.,  shooting  star. 

Asckpias  verticillata  L.,  verticillate  milkweed. 

Verbena  angustifolia  Michx.,  narrow-leaved  vervain. 

“ stricta  Vent.,  hoary  vervain. 

Scutellaria  parvula  Michx.,  small  skullcap. 

Linaria  canadensis  (L.)  Dumont.,  toadflax. 

Pentstemon  hirsutus  Willd.,  hairy  beard-tongue. 

Orobanche  uniflora  L.,  cancer  root. 

Houstonia  caerulea  L.,  bluets. 

Myosotis  virginica  (L.)  BSP.,  white  forget-me-not. 

Specularia  per Joliata  (L.)  A.  DC.,  Venus’  looking-glass. 

Campanula  rotundifolia  L.,  harebell. 

Solidago  nemoralis  Ait.,  goldenrod. 

Aster  ptarmicoides  T.  & G.,  upland  white  aster. 

Antennaria  plantaginifolia  (L.)  Richards,  everlasting. 

Brauneria  angustifolia  Heller,  purple  coneflower. 

Achillea  Millefolium  L.,  yarrow. 

VII.  THE  FLOOD-PLAIN  ASSOCIATIONS 

From  the  nature  of  their  physiography  there  are  many  species  com- 
mon to  the  climax  mesophytic  forest  {q.v.)  and  the  fairly  mature  flood 
plain.  The  earlier  stages  of  the  latter  are  characterized  by  a number  of 
rapidly  growing  trees  and  a herbaceous  undergrowth  of  great  luxuriance, 
in  which  the  broad  “shade  leaf”  is  seen  at  its  highest  development. 
Nowhere  is  the  development  of  climbing  and  twining  plants  so  abundant. 
The  different  stages  in  the  development  of  the  flood-plain  vegetation 
are  not  distinguished  in  the  following  list  of  species.  In  the  list  are 


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included  plants  of  depressions  in  the  uplands  that  give  rise  to  swampy 
conditions,  while  many  plants  of  the  water’s  edge  will  be  found  in  the 
list  of  aquatics  {q.v.).  Swampy  depressions  in  the  morainic  uplands 
are  common  throughout  the  moraine  deposits,  and  some  of  the  best 
examples  of  flood-plain  associations  may  be  seen  along  the  Galien  River 
at  Three  Oaks,  Mich.,  along  the  Illinois  River  at  Starved  Rock  Park, 
along  the  Des  Plaines  River  at  Riverside  and  River  Forest,  and  along 
the  Chicago  River  at  Edgebrook. 

Trees  and  Shrubs 

*Salix  nigra  Michx.,  black  willow. 

“ amygdaloides  Anders.,  peach-leaved  willow. 

“ longifolia  Muhl.,  sand  bar  willow. 

Populus  deltoides  Marsh.,  cottonwood. 

Juglans  cinerea  L,,  butternut. 

“ nigra  L.,  black  walnut. 

Cary  a cordiformis  K.  Koch.,  bitter-nut  hickory. 

Quercus  macrocar  pa  Michx.,  bur  oak. 

“ palustris  Muench.,  pin  oak. 

“ bicolor  Willd.,  swamp  white  oak. 

Ulmus  fulva  Michx.,  slippery  elm. 

“ americana  L.,  American  elm. 

Celtis  occidentalis  L.,  hackberry. 

Morns  rubra  L.,  red  mulberry. 

Menispermum  canadense  L.,  moonseed. 

Platanus  occidentalis  L.,  sycamore. 

Clematis  virginiana  L.,  virgin’s-bower. 

Benzoin  aestivale  Nees.,  spice  bush. 

Ribes  Cynosbati  L.,  prickly  gooseberry. 

“ jloridum  L’Her.,  wild  black  currant. 

* Crataegus  punctata  Jacq.,  punctate  haw. 

* “ mollis  Scheele.,  red  haw. 

“ spp.,  haws  or  thorn  apples. 

Pyrus  coronaria  L.,  American  crab. 

Primus  serotina  Ehrh.,  wild  black  cherry. 

“ americana  Marsh.,  wild  plum. 

Gleditsia  triacanthos  L.,  honey-locust. 

Cercis  canadensis  L.,  redbud. 

Gymnocladus  dioica  (L.)  Koch.,  Kentucky  coffee- tree. 

Amorpha  fruticosa  L. 

Zanthoxylum  americanum  Mill.,  prickly  ash. 

Rhus  Toxicodendron  L.,  poison  ivy. 

Evonymus  atropurpureus  Jacq.,  waahoo  or  burning  bush. 

“ obovatus  Nutt.,  strawberry-bush. 

Staphylea  trifolia  L.,  bladdernut. 

*Acer  saccharinum  L.,  white  maple. 

“ Negundo  L.,  box-elder. 


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Vitis  cordifolia  Michx.,  frost-grape. 

“ vulpina  L.,  river-bank  grape. 

Psedera  quinquefolia  (L.)  Greene,  Virginia  creeper. 

*Tilia  americana  L.,  basswood. 

*Fraxinus  americana  L.,  white  ash. 

“ nigra  Marsh.,  black  ash. 

“ qnadrangulata  Michx.,  blue  ash. 

Sambucus  canadensis  L.,  common  elder. 

Viburnum  Lentago  L.,  sweet  viburnum  or  black  haw. 

Herbaceous  Plants 

*Onoclea  sensibilis  L.,  sensitive  fern. 

“ Striithiopteris  Hoffm.,  ostrich  fern. 

Osmunda  Claytoniana  L.,  interrupted  fern. 

“ regalis  L.,  royal  fern. 

* “ cinnamomea  L.,  cinnamon  fern. 

Elymus  virginicus  L.,  wild  rye. 

*Arisaema  triphyllum  Schott.,  Indian  turnip  or  Jack-in-the-pulpit. 

“ Dracontium  Schott.,  green  dragon. 

Symplocarpus  foetidus  Nutt.,  skunk  cabbage. 

Uvularia  grandiflora  Sm.,  bellwort. 

* Allium  tricoccum  Ait.,  wild  leek. 

“ canadense  L.,  wild  onion  or  garlic. 

Erythronium  americanum  Ker.,  yellow  adder’s  tongue. 

* " albidtim  Nutt.,  white  adder’s  tongue. 

Trillium  recurvatum  Beck.,  wake-robin. 

Polygonatum  biflorum  Ell.,  small  Solomon’s  seal. 

“ commutatum  Dietr.,  great  Solomon’s  seal. 

Smilax  herbacea  L.,  carrion  flower. 

“ hispida  Muhl.,  cat-brier. 

Dios  cor  ea  villas  a L.,  wild  yam. 

Urtica  gracilis  Ait.,  nettle. 

*Laportea  canadensis  (L.)  Gaud.,  wood-nettle. 

Pilea  pumila  (L.)  Gray,  clearweed. 

Parietaria  pennsylvanica  Muhl.,  pellitory. 

Asarum  canadense  L.,  wild  ginger. 

* Polygonum  virginianum  L.,  smart  weed. 

Polygonum  scandens  L.,  climbing  false  buckwheat. 

Silene  virginica  L.,  fire  pink. 

“ stellata  Ait.,  starry  campion. 

*Claytonia  virginica  L.,  spring  beauty. 

Ranunculus  septentrionalis  Poir.,  early  buttercup. 

“ recurvatus  Poir.,  hooked  buttercup. 

* “ abortivus  L.,  abortive  buttercup. 

Clematis  virginiana  L.,  virgin’s  bower. 

I so  py  rum  biternatum  T.  & G. 

Caltha  palustris  L.,  marsh  marigold. 

Caulophyllum  thalictroides  Michx.,  blue  cohosh. 

Dentaria  laciniata  Muhl.,  toothwort. 


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Cardaniine  bulhosa  BSP.,  spring  cress. 

* “ Douglasii  Britton,  spring  cress. 

Geum  canadense  Jacq.,  avens. 

“ Virginianum  L.,  avens. 

Desmodium  grandijlorum  DC.,  tick-trefoil. 

Apios  tuberosa  Moench,  groundnut. 

Amphicarpa  monoica  Ell.,  hog  peanut. 

Floerkea  proserpinacoides  Willd.,  false  mermaid. 
Impatiens  bijiora  Walt.,  jewel  weed. 

Hibiscus  Moscheutos  L.,  swamp  rose  mallow. 

“ militaris  Cav.,  halberd-leaved  rose  mallow. 
*Viola  cucullata  Ait.,  blue  violet. 

* “ sororia  Willd.,  blue  violet. 

“ pubescens  Ait.,  yellow  violet. 

Circaea  lutetiana  L.,  enchanter’s  nightshade. 

Aralia  nudicaulis  L.,  wild  sarsaparilla. 

*Sanicula  marilandica  L.,  sanicle. 

Osmorhiza  Claytoni  Clarke,  sweet  Cicely. 

“ longistylis  DC.,  sweet  Cicely. 

*Cryptotaenia  canadensis  (L.)  DC.,  honewort. 

Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.,  cow-parsnip. 

Chaerophyllum  procumbens  Crantz. 

Angelica  atropurpurea  L.,  angelica. 

Lysimachia  Nummularia  L.,  moneywort. 

*Steironema  ciliatum  Raf.,  fringed  loosestrife. 

Asclepias  phytolaccoides  Pursh,  poke  milkweed. 
Convolvulus  sepium  L.,  bindweed. 

Ipomea  pandurata  L.,  man-of-the-earth. 

Cuscuta  Gronovii  Willd.,  dodder. 

* Phlox  divaricata  L.,  blue  phlox. 

Polemonium  replans  L.,  Jacob’s  ladder. 

Hydro phyllum  macrophyllum  Nutt.,  waterleaf. 

“ virginianum  L.,  waterleaf. 

“ appendiculatum  Michx.,  waterleaf. 

Ellisia  Nyctelea  L. 

Phacelia  bipinnatifida  Michx. 

Mertensia  virginica  Link.,  Virginia  cowslip  or  bluebells. 
Teucrium  canadense  L.,  American  germander. 
Scutellaria  lateriflora  L.,  skullcap. 

Stachys  palustris  L.,  woundwort. 

Lycopus  virginicus  L.,  bugle  weed. 

Sicyos  angulatus  L.,  bur-cucumber 
Echinocystis  lobata  T.  & G.,  wild  balsam-apple. 
Campanula  americana  L.,  tall  bellflower. 

Lobelia  siphilitica  L.,  great  lobelia. 

Eupatorium  purpureum  L.,  Joe-Pye  weed. 

Silphium  perfoliatum  L.,  cup-plant. 

Ambrosia  triflda  L.,  great  ragweed. 

“ artemisiifolia  L.,  common  ragweed. 


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Rudhcckia  laciniata  L.,  wild  goldenglow. 

Ilelianthus  tuhcrosus  L.,  Jerusalem  artichoke. 

Cacalia  atriplicifolia  L.,  Indian  plantain. 

VIII.  THE  LAKE  CLIFF  ASSOCIATIONS 

The  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  north  of  Chicago,  exhibits  a series  of 
high  clay  cliffs  cut  in  the  moraine.  These  differ  in  slope  according  to  the 
character  of  the  soil  and  in  their  vegetation  according  to  whether  or  not 
they  are  being  attacked  by  waves  at  the  present  time.  The  earliest 
plant  associations  consist  of  the  antecedent  vegetation  which  has  slumped 
from  the  upland  together  with  shrubs  and  perennial  herbs  with  means 
of  rapid  vegetative  propagation  which  enable  them  to  compete  with 
the  unstable  substratum.  Only  the  plants  peculiar  to  the  pioneer 
stages  of  the  succession  are  included  in  the  following  list,  as  those  of  the 
beach  and  the  mixed  oak  forest  differ  very  little  from  corresponding 
associations  upon  the  sand  dunes  {q.v.).  The  ravines  opening  upon  the 
shore  have  the  vegetation  of  the  lake  cliffs  upon  their  exposed  slopes 
and  that  of  the  mesophytic  forest  {q.v.)  and  flood  plain  {q.v.)  upon  the 
more  protected  areas. 

Trees  and  Shrubs 

Finns  Strohus  L.,  white  pine. 

Juniper  us  virginiana  L.,  red  cedar. 

“ communis  L.,  common  juniper. 

Thuja  occidentalis  L.,  arbor  vitae. 

Salix  discolor  Muhl.,  pussy-willow. 

“ glaucophylla  Bebb,  glaucous  willow. 

Populus  tremuloides  Michx.,  aspen. 

“ grandidentata  Michx.,  large-toothed  aspen. 

“ balsamifera  L.,  balsam  poplar. 

Corylus  americana  Walt.,  hazelnut. 

Ostrya  virginiana  (Mill)  K.  Koch.,  hop-hornbeam. 

Carpinus  caroliniana  Walt.,  iron  wood. 

Betula  alba  papyrifera  Spach.,  white  birch. 

Amelanchier  canadensis  (L.)  Medic.,  service-berry. 

Rosa  blanda  Ait.,  wild  rose. 

“ humilis  Marsh.,  wild  rose. 

Prunus  virginiana  L.,  chokecherry. 

Acer  Negwndo  L.,  box-elder.  z 

Rhus  typhina  L.,  staghorn  sumach. 

“ glabra  L.,  smooth  sumach. 

" Toxicodendron  L.,  poison-ivy. 

Ceanothus  americana  L.,  New  Jersey  tea. 

Shepherdia  canadensis  (L.)  Nutt.,  buffalo-berry. 

Elaeagnus  argentea  Pursh,  silverberry. 

Tilia  americana  L.,  basswood. 


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Cor  mis  paniculala  L’Her.,  panicled  dogwood. 

“ stolonifera  Michx.,  red-osier  dogwood. 
Viburnum  Lentago  L.,  black  haw. 

“ Opulus  L.,  cranberry  tree. 

Herbaceous  Plants 

Equisetum  arvense  L.,  common  horsetail. 

“ hyemale  L.,  scouring-rush. 

Poa  compressa  L.,  Canada  blue-grass. 

Elymus  canadensis  L.,  Canada  rye  grass. 

Potentilla  Anserina  L.,  goose-grass. 

“ canadensis  L. 

Melilotus  alba  Desr.,  sweet  clover. 

Astragalus  canadensis  L.,  milk  vetch. 

Vida  americana  Muhl.,  purple  vetch. 

“ caroliniana  Walt.,  pale  vetch. 

Lathyrus  ochroleucus  Hook.,  pale  vetchling. 

Poly  gala  Senega  L.,  Seneca  snakeroot. 

Gentiana  quinquefolia  L.,  stiff  gentian. 

Apocynum  androsaemifolium  L.,  dogbane. 

Asclepias  syriaca  L.,  common  milkweed. 

Aster  laevis  L.,  smooth  aster. 

“ multijlorus  Ait.,  many  flowered  aster. 

Solidago  arguta  Ait.,  plume  goldenrod. 

Helianthus  divaricatus  L.,  sunflower. 

L.,  black-eyed-Susan. 


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